Классификация цвета кожи человека на цветных изображениях
Хомяков М.Ю.

Аннотация:
Разработаны количественные меры оценки влияния цветового пространства на качество детекции цвета кожи человека. Проведено сравнение основных цветовых пространств с использованием порогового классификатора: RGB, YCbCr, HSV, CIE Lab. Уточнены возможности использования сокращённых цветовых пространств.

Abstract:
Skin detection performance metrics were developed. Popular color spaces comparison was performed with the use of threshold chose as skin color model: RGB, YCbCr, HSV, CIE Lab. 2D color spaces influence on skin detection performance was estimated.

Ключевые слова :
цвет кожи человека, детекция лиц, сравнение цветовых пространств.

Key words:
skin color, face detection, color space comparison.

Литература:

  1. Hsu, R.-L. Face Detection in Color Images / R.-L. Hsu, M. Abdel-Mottaleb, A. Jain // IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. – 2002. – Vol. 29(5). – P. 696-706.
  2. Vezhnevets, V. A survey on pixel-based skin color detection techniques / V. Vezhnevets, V. Sazonov, A. Andreeva // Proc. of International Conference on the Computer Graphics and Vision (GraphiCon’2003), September 5-10. Moscow, Russia: “Moscow State University” Publisher, 2003. – P. 85-92.
  3. Phung, S.L. Skin segmentation using color pixel classification: analysis and comparison / S.L. Phung, A. Bou­zerdoum, D. Chai // IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. – 2005. – Vol. 27(1). – P. 148-154.
  4. Kakumanu, P. A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods / P. Kakumanu, S. Makrogiannis, N. Bour­bakis // Pattern Recognition. – 2007. – Vol. 40(3). – P. 1106-1122.
  5. Tre'meau, A. Color in image and video processing: most recent trends and future research directions / A. Tre'meau, S. Tominaga, K.N. Plataniotis // Journal on Image and Video Processing. – 2008. – Vol. 2008, Jan. – P. 1-26.
  6. Martinkauppi, J. Facial Skin Color Modeling // Handbook of face recognition / S.Z. Li (ed.), Anil K. Jain (ed.) – New York: Springer, 2005. – Ch. 6. – P. 113-135.
  7. Shi, L. Skin Colour Imaging That Is Insensitive to Lighting Conditions / L. Shi, B. Funt // Proc. of AIC (Association Internationale de la Couleur) Conference on Colour Effects & Affects, June 15-18. – Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Colour Centre Foundation / Scandinavian Colour Institute AB, 2008. - Paper N 102.
  8. Martinkauppi, B. Detection of Skin Color under Changing Illumination: A Comparative Study / B. Martinkauppi, M. Soriano, M. Pietikainen // Proc. of the 12th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP'03), September 17-19. – Mantova, Italy: IEEE Computer Society, 2003. – P. 652-657.
  9. Fleck, M. Finding Naked People / M. Fleck, D. Forsyth, C. Bregler // Proc. of Fourth European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV'96), Volume II, April 14-18. – Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge, 1996. – P. 592-602.
  10. Shin, M.C. Does Colorspace Transformation Make Any Difference on Skin Detection? / M.C. Shin, K.I. Chang, L.V. Tsap // Proc. of 6th IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV 2002), December 3-4. – Orlando, FL, US: IEEE Computer Society, 2002. - P. 275-279.
  11. Rahman, N.A. RGB-H-CbCr Skin Colour Model for Human Face Detection / N.A. Rahman, K.C. Wei, J. See // Proc. of The MMU International Symposium on Information & Communications Technologies (M2USIC 2006), November 16-17. – Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Multimedia University, 2006.
  12. Abdallah, S.A. A new color image database for benchmarking of automatic face detection and human skin segmentation techniques / A.S. Abdallah, M.A. El-nasr, A.L. Abbott // World academy of science, engineering and technology. – 2007. – Vol. 36. – P. 38-42.
  13. Girod, B. Face Detection Project [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee368/Project_03/project_03.html (дата обращения: 10.04.2011).
  14. Sharma, P. A color face image database for benchmarking of automatic face detection algorithms [Электронный ресурс] / P. Sharma. – URL: http://dsp.ucd.ie/~prag/DatabaseFinal.pdf (дата обращения: 10.04.2011).
  15. Recommendation ITU-R BT.601-5, Studio Encoding Parameters of Digital Television for Standard 4:3 and Wide-screen 16:9 Aspect Ratios. – International Telecommunication Union, 1995.
  16. Smith, A.R. Color Gamut Transform Pairs / A.R. Smith. – Proc. of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (SIGGRAPH '78), August 23-25. – Atlanta, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 1978. – P. 12-19.
  17. CIE Publ. N 15.2. Recommendations on Uniform Color Spaces, Color Difference Equations, Psychometric Color Terms. Central Bureau of the CIE, 1986.
  18. Chai, D. Face segmentation using skin-color map in videophone applications / D. Chai; K.N. Ngan // IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. – 1999. – Vol. 9(4). – P. 551-564.
  19. Kovac, J. Human skin color clustering for face detection / J. Kovac, P. Peer, F. Solina // Proc. of International Conference on Computer as a Tool (EUROCON 2003), September 22-24. – Ljubljana, Slovenia: Ljubljana University, 2003. – P. 144-148.
  20. Kruppa, H. Skin Patch Detection in Real-World Images / H. Kruppa, M. Bauer, S. Schiele // In Annual Symposium for Pattern Recognition of the DAGM 2002. – 2002. – Springer LNCS 2449. – P. 109-117.
  21. Jedynak, B. Maximum Entropy Models for Skin Detection / B. Jedynak, H. Zheng, M. Daoudi, D. Barret // Proc. of Third Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing (ICVGIP 2002), December 16-18. – Ahmadabad, India: Allied Publishers Private Limited, 2003. – P. 276-281.
  22. Сирота, А.А. Двухэтапный алгоритм обнаружения и оценивания границы объектов на изображениях в условиях аддитивных помех и деформирующих искажений / А.А. Сирота, А.И. Соломатин, Е.В. Воронова // Компьютерная оптика. - 2010. – Vol. 34(1). – С. 109-117.

References:

  1. Hsu, R.-L. Face Detection in Color Images / R.-L. Hsu, M. Abdel-Mottaleb, A. Jain // IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. – 2002. – Vol. 29(5). – P. 696-706.
  2. Vezhnevets, V. A survey on pixel-based skin color detection techniques / V. Vezhnevets, V. Sazonov, A. Andreeva // Proc. of International Conference on the Computer Graphics and Vision (GraphiCon’2003), September 5-10. Moscow, Russia: “Moscow State University” Publisher, 2003. – P. 85-92.
  3. Phung, S.L. Skin segmentation using color pixel classification: analysis and comparison / S.L. Phung, A. Bou­zerdoum, D. Chai // IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. – 2005. – Vol. 27(1). – P. 148-154.
  4. Kakumanu, P. A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods / P. Kakumanu, S. Makrogiannis, N. Bour­bakis // Pattern Recognition. – 2007. – Vol. 40(3). – P. 1106-1122.
  5. Tre'meau, A. Color in image and video processing: most recent trends and future research directions / A. Tre'meau, S. Tominaga, K.N. Plataniotis // Journal on Image and Video Processing. – 2008. – Vol. 2008, Jan. – P. 1-26.
  6. Martinkauppi, J. Facial Skin Color Modeling // Handbook of face recognition / S.Z. Li (ed.), Anil K. Jain (ed.) – New York: Springer, 2005. – Ch. 6. – P. 113-135.
  7. Shi, L. Skin Colour Imaging That Is Insensitive to Lighting Conditions / L. Shi, B. Funt // Proc. of AIC (Association Internationale de la Couleur) Conference on Colour Effects & Affects, June 15-18. – Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Colour Centre Foundation / Scandinavian Colour Institute AB, 2008. – Paper N 102.
  8. Martinkauppi, B. Detection of Skin Color under Changing Illumination: A Comparative Study / B. Martinkauppi, M. Soriano, M. Pietikainen // Proc. of the 12th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP'03), September 17-19. – Mantova, Italy: IEEE Computer Society, 2003. – P. 652-657.
  9. Fleck, M. Finding Naked People / M. Fleck, D. Forsyth, C. Bregler // Proc. of Fourth European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV'96), Volume II, April 14-18. – Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge, 1996. – P. 592-602.
  10. Shin, M.C. Does Colorspace Transformation Make Any Difference on Skin Detection? / M.C. Shin, K.I. Chang, L.V. Tsap //– Proc. of 6th IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV 2002), December 3-4. – Orlando, FL, US: IEEE Computer Society, 2002. – P. 275-279.
  11. Rahman, N.A. RGB-H-CbCr Skin Colour Model for Human Face Detection / N.A. Rahman, K.C. Wei, J. See. – Proc. of The MMU International Symposium on Information & Communications Technologies (M2USIC 2006), November 16-17. – Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Multimedia University, 2006.
  12. Abdallah, S.A. A new color image database for benchmarking of automatic face detection and human skin segmentation techniques / A.S. Abdallah, M.A. El-nasr, A.L. Abbott // World academy of science, engineering and technology. – 2007. – Vol. 36. – P. 38-42.
  13. Girod, B. Face Detection Project . URL: http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee368/Project_03/project_03.html (viewving date: 10.04.2011).
  14. Sharma, P. A color face image database for benchmarking of automatic face detection algorithms / P. Sharma. – URL: http://dsp.ucd.ie/~prag/DatabaseFinal.pdf (viewving date: 10.04.2011).
  15. Recommendation ITU-R BT.601-5, Studio Encoding Parameters of Digital Television for Standard 4:3 and Wide-screen 16:9 Aspect Ratios. – International Telecommunication Union, 1995.
  16. Smith, A.R. Color Gamut Transform Pairs / A.R. Smith. – Proc. of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (SIGGRAPH '78), August 23-25. – Atlanta, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 1978. - P. 12-19.
  17. CIE Publ. N 15.2. Recommendations on Uniform Color Spaces, Color Difference Equations, Psychometric Color Terms. Central Bureau of the CIE, 1986.
  18. Chai, D. Face segmentation using skin-color map in videophone applications / D. Chai; K.N. Ngan // IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. – 1999. – Vol. 9(4). – P. 551-564.
  19. Kovac, J. Human skin color clustering for face detection / J. Kovac, P. Peer, F. Solina // Proc. of International Conference on Computer as a Tool (EUROCON 2003), September 22-24. – Ljubljana, Slovenia: Ljubljana University, 2003. – P. 144-148.
  20. Kruppa, H. Skin Patch Detection in Real-World Images / H. Kruppa, M. Bauer, S. Schiele // In Annual Symposium for Pattern Recognition of the DAGM 2002. – 2002. – Springer LNCS 2449. – P. 109-117.
  21. Jedynak, B. Maximum Entropy Models for Skin Detection / B. Jedynak, H. Zheng, M. Daoudi, D. Barret // Proc. of Third Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing (ICVGIP 2002), December 16-18. – Ahmadabad, India: Allied Publishers Private Limited, 2003. – P. 276-281.
  22. Sirota, A.A. Two-staged algorithm for detecting and rating the object cutouts on the images in case of additive noise and deformed distortions / A.A. Sirota, A.I. Solomatin, E.V. Voronova // Computer optics. – 2010. – Vol. 34(1). – P. 109-117. – (in Russian).
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